Melasma is a skin condition characterized by brown or blue-gray patches or freckle-like spots. It’s often called the “mask of pregnancy.” Melasma happens because of overproduction of the cells that make the color of your skin. It is common, harmless and some treatments may help. Melasma usually fades after a

A connective tissue disease is any disease that affects the parts of the body that connect the structures of the body together. Connective tissues are made up of two proteins: collagen and elastin. Collagen is a protein found in the tendons, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone and blood vessels. This

Darier disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder classified as a hereditary acantholytic dermatosis. Darier disease typically presents with scaly crusted papules in a seborrhoeic distribution and in skin folds. The onset of skin changes is usually in adolescence. Darier disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means

Midesophageal diverticulum is defined as 5 cm above and below the level of the trachea bifurcation. Midesophageal diverticulum is usually asymptomatic, with rare clinical manifestations of dysphagia, reflux and chest pain. Epiphrenic diverticula at the bottom of the esophagus are caused by pressure that builds up as stomach contents are

Zenker’s diverticulum is an outpouching that occurs at the junction of the lower part of the throat and the upper portion of the esophagus. The pouch forms because the muscle that divides the throat from the esophagus, the cricopharyngeal (CP) muscle, fails to relax during swallowing. The cause of Zenker’s

Vocal cord nodules (referred to as “vocal fold” nodules by physicians) are growths that form on the vocal cords. These lumps are benign (noncancerous) and are similar to calluses that can form on the hands.  Nodules affect girls and boys of any age, and are a common cause of voice

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disorder characterized by the development of small, wart-like growths (papillomas) in the respiratory tract which includes: ( the nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), various airway passages (bronchi), and lungs) Papillomas can develop anywhere along the respiratory tract, but most

Hailey-Hailey disease (HDD), also known as benign chronic pemphigus, is a rare skin condition that usually appears in early adulthood. The disorder is characterized by red, raw, and blistered areas of skin that occur most often in skin folds, such as the groin, armpits, neck, and under the breasts. This

Stroke-like episodes are at variance from ischemic stroke, pathogenically, clinically and on imaging. They may be the manifestation of a vascular, metabolic or epileptic process and present with predominantly vasogenic but also cytotoxic edema on MRI. Its cause is most frequently cardioembolic due to atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, dilated