Hailey-Hailey disease (HDD), also known as benign chronic pemphigus, is a rare skin condition that usually appears in early adulthood. The disorder is characterized by red, raw, and blistered areas of skin that occur most often in skin folds, such as the groin, armpits, neck, and under the breasts. This

Stroke-like episodes are at variance from ischemic stroke, pathogenically, clinically and on imaging. They may be the manifestation of a vascular, metabolic or epileptic process and present with predominantly vasogenic but also cytotoxic edema on MRI. Its cause is most frequently cardioembolic due to atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, dilated

Lactic acidosis occurs when there’s too much lactic acid in the body. Causes can include chronic alcohol use, heart failure, cancer, seizures, liver failure, prolonged lack of oxygen, and low blood sugar. Even prolonged exercise can lead to lactic acid buildup. Several symptoms of lactic acidosis represent a medical emergency

MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) syndrome is a rare disorder that begins in childhood, usually between two and fifteen years of age, and mostly affects the nervous system and muscles. MELAS is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations affecting the genes for mtDNA are inherited

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare hereditary (genetic) disorder that causes fatty substances (lipids) to build up in cells, particularly in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. This buildup is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme that helps break down lipids called sulfatides. Followingly, the brain and nervous system

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare but serious inherited condition. It means the body cannot process certain amino acids (the “building blocks” of protein), causing a harmful build-up of substances in the blood and urine. It is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. It is

Krabbe (KRAH-buh) disease is an inherited disorder that destroys the protective coating (myelin) of nerve cells in the brain and throughout the nervous system. In most cases, signs and symptoms of Krabbe disease develop in babies before 6 months of age, and the disease usually results in death by age

A venous lake is a soft, squashable, blue or purple macule or papule that is 0.2–1 cm in diameter. Although they may arise anywhere, most venous lakes are diagnosed on the lower lip (on the vermilion margin or mucosal surface), on an earlobe, or elsewhere on the face, neck, or

Warts are raised bumps on your skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They have plagued humans for thousands of years, still, They aren’t generally dangerous. Warts can be uncomfortable, potentially embarrassing, and contagious. They can also be painful. However, they can be treated, either at home or by a